CPT
90471 — Immunization administration, single vaccine
ACA-covered vaccines should be free, including the admin fee.
Physical therapy
97110 — Therapeutic exercise, 15 minutes
Therapeutic exercise — most-billed PT code. Time-based 15-minute units.
- Typical setting: Physical therapy clinic
- National avg charge (illustrative): Insurance allowed $25-$60 per unit; cash $35-$90 per unit.
- Most-disputed reason: Unit count inflated beyond actual session time.
What it means
What 97110 actually means
CPT 97110 is therapeutic exercise to develop strength, range of motion, or flexibility. It's billed in 15-minute units under the Medicare 8-minute rule.
The 8-minute rule means each unit requires at least 8 minutes of direct patient contact. A 30-minute session = 2 units max; 45 minutes = 3 units max; 60 minutes = 4 units max.
Common errors with this code
What goes wrong on real bills.
Most bills that look correct still contain at least one of these issues. Up to 49% of medical bills contain errors (CFPB).
- More units billed than the session length supports under the 8-minute rule.
- Same exercise billed under multiple codes (97110 + 97530) without justification.
- Group therapy (97150) billed as individual (97110).
If you see 97110 on your bill
Three steps before paying.
1. Get the itemized bill. If your statement only shows a summary, request the CPT-level itemized bill before paying. Generate the request language →
2. Cross-check against the EOB. Compare what your insurer's Explanation of Benefits says you owe versus what the hospital is asking. They disagree more often than people think. Read the bill-vs-EOB guide →
3. Run a free Bill Scan. Upload the bill (and EOB if you have it) and BillBusted will flag the most likely issues with this specific code in your specific state. Run free scan →
Related codes
Other codes in this category.
People who land on 97110 often also see these adjacent codes on the same bill.
CPT
90472 — Immunization admin; each additional vaccine
Vaccine — admin (90471) is separate from the vaccine product code.
CPT
90651 — Human papillomavirus vaccine types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, 58, nonavalent , IM
Vaccine — admin (90471) is separate from the vaccine product code.
CPT
90670 — Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 13 valent , IM
Vaccine — admin (90471) is separate from the vaccine product code.
CPT
90671 — Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 15 valent , IM
Vaccine — admin (90471) is separate from the vaccine product code.
CPT
90677 — Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 20 valent , IM
Vaccine — admin (90471) is separate from the vaccine product code.
Related BillBusted guides
Plain-English reads if you see 97110 on a bill.
97110 FAQ
Plain-English answers.
How many units should my 45-minute PT session be?
Maximum 3 units of 15-minute timed codes. If you see 4+ units billed for a single 45-minute session, that's likely an 8-minute-rule violation worth disputing.
Don't pay 97110 blindly.
The free scan tells you in under 60 seconds whether this charge looks reasonable for your situation.